What is WAP ? Wireless Application Protocol	Presented by:	Copyright 2000�

Introduction

The wireless telecommunication and the Internet are rapidly growing industries that are gaining more and more customers every day. The WAP intention is to combine these two markets and answer the new demands in this field. These reasons and more driven some of the largest vendors to unite and create the WAP Forum, the standardizing organization of the WAP. (More details at http://www.wapforum.org/)

WAP specifies an application framework and network protocols for wireless devices such as mobile phones, pagers and personal digital assistants. WAP�s specifications extend existing mobile networking technologies such as wireless networking standards and extend some Internet technologies such as XML, scripting and content formats.

Wireless hand-held devices preset a more constrained computing environment and platforms, compared to desktop computers which most of the Internet technology was developed for. The hand-held devices tend to have less powerful CPU�s, less memory, very restricted power consumption and problematic MMI (smaller and variant displays, phone keypads etc.). Furthermore the wireless networks present greater problems as communication infrastructures they have less bandwidth, more latency and less connection stability and unpredictable availability. WAP intends to overcome these difficulties by being interoperable, have scaleable quality of service, efficient in the mobile network resources, reliable and secure.

Technical Concept Introduction

The WAP programming model is similar to the WWW programming model. This provides several benefits to the application developer community, including a familiar programming model, a proven architecture, and the ability to leverage existing tools (eg, Web servers, XML tools, etc.). Optimisations and extensions have been made in order to match the characteristics of the wireless environment. Wherever possible, existing standards have been adopted or have been used as the starting point for the WAP technology.

WAP content and applications are specified in a set of well-known content formats based on the familiar WWW content formats. Content is transported using a set of standard communication protocols based on the WWW communication protocols. A micro browser in the wireless terminal co-ordinates the user interface and is analogous to a standard web browser.

The following diagram illustrates the concept and architecture of WAP:

WAP defines a set of standard components that enable communication between mobile terminals and network servers, including:

Standard naming model � WWW-standard URLs are used to identify WAP content on origin servers. WWW-standard URIs are used to identify local resources in a device, eg call control functions.

Content typing � All WAP content is given a specific type consistent with WWW typing. This allows WAP user agents to correctly process the content based on its type.

Standard content formats � WAP content formats are based on WWW technology and include display markup, calendar information, electronic business card objects, images and scripting language.

Standard communication protocols � WAP communication protocols enable the communication of browser requests from the mobile terminal to the network web server.

The WAP content types and protocols have been optimised for mass market, hand-held wireless devices. WAP utilises proxy technology to connect between the wireless domain and the WWW. The WAP proxy typically is comprised of the following functionality:

Protocol Gateway � The protocol gateway translates requests from the WAP protocol stack (WSP, WTP, WTLS, and WDP) to the WWW protocol stack (HTTP and TCP/IP).

Content Encoders and Decoders � The content encoders translate WAP content into compact encoded formats to reduce the size of data over the network.

This infrastructure ensures that mobile terminal users can browse a wide variety of WAP content and applications, and that the application author is able to build content services and applications that run on a large base of mobile terminals. The WAP proxy allows content and applications to be hosted on standard WWW servers and to be developed using proven WWW technologies such as CGI scripting.

Architecture of the WAP Protocol Stack

    The following diagram illustrates the general architecture of the WAP protocol stack:

    The WAP protocol stack has a multi-layered architecture (this is very similar to the seven layers model of OSI.

The WAP stack consists of the following layers:

WAE � WIRELESS APPLICATION ENVIRONMENT

The Wireless Application Environment (WAE) defines the following functions:

Wireless Markup Language (WML). 

WML is an XML-based markup language for the visual display of WAP-based contents. Once HTML and WML will converge into XML, many compatibility problems, during conversion from HTML to WML, will cease to exist.

WML Script. 

A script language, very similar to JavaScript.

Wireless Telephony Application (WTA, WTAI). 

Telephony services and Programming interfaces.

Content formats. 

These are specifications for data formats, including images, telephone directories, calendar information, and so on.

The WAE corresponds to the application layer in the OSI  model.

WSP � WIRELESS SESSION PROTOCOL

The Wireless Session Protocol (WSP) implements an interface for connection-oriented and connectionless session services. The connection-oriented session service operates using the protocol of the transaction layer. However, the connectionless session service uses a secure or non-secure datagram service.

WSP offers the following basic functions:

- Functions and semantics of HTTP/1.1, using a compact coding scheme

- Pausing and resuming sessions

- A general facility for reliable and unreliable data push

- Negotiation of protocol functions

WTP � WIRELESS TRANSACTION PROTOCOL

The Wireless Transaction Protocol (WTP) is a transaction-oriented protocol, executed using a datagram service. WTP offers the following functions:

Three classes of transaction services

(a) Unreliable one-way requests

(b) Reliable one-way requests

(c) Reliable two-way request/response transactions

Optional user-to-user reliability feature.

The WTP user triggers confirmation for each received message.     

Optional out-of-band data for confirmations.

Protocol Data Unit (PDU) chaining and delayed confirmation.

In order to reduce the number of sent messages

Asynchronous transactions

WTLS � WIRELESS TRANSACTION LAYER SECURITY

The WTLS layer implements a security protocol based on the TLS (Transport Layer Security) industry standard. WTLS is intended for use with the WAP transport protocols and has the following features:

Data integrity � WTLS ensures that the data sent between the terminal and an application server is in no way altered or damaged.      

Confidentiality � WTLS ensures that the data sent between the terminal and an application server remains confidential and cannot be understood by any other participant who may have intercepted the data stream.

Authentication � WTLS ensures the authenticity of the terminal and of the application server.      

Denial-of-service protection � Wireless Transaction Layer Security (WTLS) contains features that will recognize and reject data that has been repeated or not verified successfully. WTLS hinders many typical denial-of-service attacks and protects the upper protocol layers. Though, this is not a perfect solution.

WDP � WIRELESS DATAGRAM PROTOCOL

The WDP layer operates on various bearers that depend on the used network

type. WDP offers a consistent interface for the upper layers, so that

communications occurs transparently using one of the available bearer services.

Therefore, the transport layer is adapted to the specific functions of the

underlying bearer.

BEARER

The bearers that are used by the WAP protocol stack form the lower interface of the datagram service and allow the WAP to be used for various network types with specific bearer functions. Thus, WDP is defined for a variety of bearers. For an IP bearer, the transport protocol (WDP) is implemented by User Datagram Protocol (UDP).

WCMP � WIRELESS CONTROL MESSAGE PROTOCOL

The Wireless Control Message Protocol defines the error reporting mechanism for WDP datagrams as well as the protocol elements that can be used for diagnosis and informational purposes (for example, WCMP echo request and response). WCMP is determined depending on the bearer used. In IP-based networks, WCMP functions are implemented using the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP).

Components of a WAP service

Here we will describe the typical components for the setup of a WAP service.

The following figure shows how the components in a WAP service interact.

WAP terminals

Users of WAP services access WAP content with a WAP terminal. 

The following devices can serve as WAP terminals:

• Mobile phones with built-in GSM modem, WAP stack, and microbrowser (e.g. Nokia)  

• Palmtops with GSM phone connected and additional WAP/ browser software

Depending on the features of the device used and the capabilities of its display, there are different quality degrees with WAP services. However, the following features are common to all terminals:

• Access to pull services, or browsing, using GSM Circuit Switched Data (CSD), usually at 9600 bps, Point to Point Protocol (PPP) via the V.110 protocol.

• Configurable access profile (PPP authentication parameters, access number of access server, Gateway IP address, homepage, etc...)

• Optional support of push services using connectionless bearers (for example the Short Message Service)

• Access to/ from network carrier

• Access to the WAP Gateway in Circuit Switched Data (CSD) connections is enabled through Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) bearer channels, packed in E1 PRI connections with 30 channels in each connection. The number of available bearer channels determines the number of WAP terminals that can actively access the WAP Gateway simultaneously.

Network operators should map the dial-in number for the ISDN channel package to a network-internal abbreviated number in order to offer exclusive content to customers and operating billing mechanisms to the content provider. This also allows operators to offer a cost-effective minute-based rate for WAP online time. If different access numbers are used (for example, in order to realize network-independent access), users are encouraged to use "Friends & Family" or "Home City" access numbers.

The MSISDN (Mobile Station identifier- the telephone number) of the WAP

terminal must always be sent using the ISDN channel in order to personalize the WAP services and to generate additional, content-dependent billing information.

Airtime Billing

Billing of the base connection time (base rate for WAP online time) must always be performed by the network carrier.

Access Server

The access server is the PPP termination point for the WAP terminal. One of its responsibilities is allocating dynamic IP addresses to the active WAP terminals.

The access server ensures correct routing of WAP packets from and to the WAP Gateway and performs firewall duties.

By cooperating with the access server and the RADIUS server (enables authentication methods), the WAP Gateway can call up the MSISDN of a WAP terminal in an open session in order to perform personalization and authentication functions. The access server offers RADIUS support for the implementation of authentication mechanisms.

WAP Gateway

The WAP Gateway is at the core of the WAP service. It implements the WAP

stack (WDP, WTLS, WTP, WSP), the necessary content encoders, and a variety of management functions.

By cooperating with the WAP/ HTTP proxy and using the authentication

information originating from the access server, time or event-based billing can be implemented on the Gateway side, in addition to airtime billing.

WAP/ HTTP proxy

The WAP/ HTTP proxy is the interface to the services that actually provide the

requested WAP content. These services (WAP Originating Services) can either be requested via the public Internet, or they can be installed on the content host.

Using a built-in cache mechanism, the proxy optimizes access to external

services and ensures fast access times.

Content Host

The content host is a dedicated HTTP server that is connected to the WAP proxy server via a LAN or WAN and facilitates fast access to (partially) exclusive WAP services. External content providers can install and administrate WAP services on the content host using standard protocols, such as File Transfer Protocol (FTP).

A number of tools for the automatic conversion of ASCII or HTML to the Wireless Markup Language (WML) are available:

• Network-internal WAP applications:

In addition to external WAP services (on the content host or on the public

Internet), network-internal WAP applications can be implemented. These

applications are accessed by the WAP Gateway using a dedicated secure

connection.

• Detailed billing

• Cost control

• Management of voice mailbox

• Rates information

• Configuration module Over-The-Air (OTA) Server

 For automatic configuration of the access parameters in the WAP terminal, a

configuration module is available that transmits the set of parameters to the

WAP terminal using the air interface.

The configuration module is also responsible for the setup of a personalized

WAP portal. The subscriber can perform all configuration steps using an

Internet interface.

• Authentication module

The authentication module transmits the connection information and relations

provided by the access server to the management units for personalization

and content billing purposes.

• Content billing module

The content billing module enables time- or event-based billing, depending on

the requested content. This requires the following things:

• The content provider has a corresponding agreement with the network carrier and/ or the operator of the WAP Gateway to market the content.

• The content pages (billable) contain the corresponding billing information (in-band signaling).

• The authentication module delivers the phone number of the WAP user who has requested the chargeable page. A preliminary page can be displayed to notify users of chargeable content. This way, users get to decide whether they want to request a certain page or not. The preliminary page is automatically generated by the proxy based on the fee information specified on the page.

WAP Development Issues

Following are several issues that are related to WAP development which are not standardized yet and the WAP developers should be aware of.

Push Not Supported - The WAP Wireless Session Layer (WSP) specification defines the WSP push operation and a WSP push PDU (Protocol Data Unit). A push operation is not specified for the HTTP protocol, used by the WAP Gateway server to communicate with content hosts. To support pushes, the server has to provide an application interface to allow server based applications to generate a push to a mobile client. The support of pushes on the client side depends on the capabilities of the handsets to handle pushed content. The Nokia over-the-air (OTA) configuration proposal to the WAP Forum describes the use of a connectionless push over the SMS bearer, to transfer the configuration data to the handset.

Lack Of Cookies for Session Management - There are no "cookies" for session management, i.e. to hold the session together. Cookies are used on the fixed Internet to identify the web browser and thereby assist in providing customized and streamlined services. Instead, some WAP applications use indexes in the URL as an alternative. The cookie information is transmitted via HTTP headers. Because WAP Wireless Session Layer (WSP) is based on HTTP headers, it should be possible to transmit cookie information to the clients. The problem may be the clients themselves, which may currently not support the handling of cookie HTTP header information or the ability to save this information to a persistent storage in the mobile phone. Some third parties have now announced support for cookies.

Fear of Viruses being transnmitted via WAP - The mobile phone will follow a similar development path to PCs- with good ideas like screensavers and bad ideas like computer viruses appearing on mobile phones such as they do on PCs today. Solutions are being developed by various private companies.

Premature Encryption Endpoint - The Wireless Transport Layer Security (WSLS) defines encryption between the Mobile Station and the WAP Gateway. The "endpoint" of the encrypted WTLS data is the WAP Gateway proxy server. To have a secure connection to a content host (e.g. banking server) the Gateway proxy server has to establish secure (https) connections to this hosts. In this case the proxy server has access to the decrypted data received via WTLS from the mobile station or from the content host via https.

Small Downlable Unit Size - WAP incorporates no compression techniques for the textual content, although the WML markup commands are compressed. Additionally, the "deck"- the smallest unit of downloadable information in Wireless Markup Language- is limited to a maximum of 1400 bytes. This means that applications need to be specifically designed to be very code efficient by using templates and variables and keeping information on the server and using the cache on the phone. WML byte code converting (WMLC) defines a (maybe inefficient) compression technique by string tables. With this technique duplicate strings in the WMLC bytecode are avoided. This reduces the size of the data to transfer to the mobile client. The WSP SDU size of 1400 bytes is a default value. An increased size may be negotiated by a mobile client within the WSP capabilities. The WAP transport layer (WTP) is able to handle greater SDU sizes than 1400 too, by using SAR (Segmentation and Re-assembly).

Applications for WAP

The Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is being used to develop enhanced forms of existing applications and new versions of today�s applications.

The WAP will allow customers to easily reply to incoming information on the phone by allowing new menus to access mobile services.

Early applications are modification of existing applications such as information, along with applications such as mobile commerce, mobile banking and mobile games.

Mobile Commerce

  Mobile commerce applications involve using a mobile phone to carry out financial transactions. This usually means making a payment for goods or transferring funds electronically. Transferring money between accounts and paying for purchases are electronic commerce applications.

There are several issues relating to the development of mobile commerce applications, such as security, integration with the retail and banking hardware and systems, non-standardized mobile infrastructure and competing e-commerce standards. Additionally, there is a lack of standards relating to the mobile phone to network interface, the interfaces between host and mobile platforms and between different mobile platforms. As such, the scalability of mobile commerce is questionable.

There are also questions about the appropriateness of using a mobile phone as the interface to e-commerce applications. The MMI (Man Machine Interface) on mobile phones is currently sub-optimal and difficult for mass-market users to manipulate.

However, this area of electronic commerce applications is expected to contribute to grow significantly in the future, as mobile phone penetration delivers a critical mass of potential customers for such services.

It is expected that the mobile commerce will become just an extension of electronic commerce on the Internet. There will not need to be any special applications developed for the mobile to take into account screen, bandwidth and security limitations of the mobile device.

The value chain for mobile commerce took a step further in April 2000 with the announcement that Motorola, Ericsson and Nokia had partnered to see mobile commerce standards. The possibility to handle trusted electronic transactions from a personal mobile device is regarded as one of the most important areas of the mobile Internet. As such, the aim of these companies is to offer solutions where security and payment services will be integrated as a standard into the mobile devices in years to come. Some of the key technology cornerstones will be WAP security functions, such as WTLS (Wireless Transport Layer Security), WIM (Wireless Identification Module), wireless public key technologies and others.

Mobile Banking  

The successful implementation of mobile banking programs incorporates several different elements such as private information services, WAP and security.

There are a few technology limits affecting how the mobile banking service is designed:

Any information that is useful to bank customers can be provided such as last 4 transactions, account balances, overdraft limits and so on.

Information can be provided in a number of different ways. It can be pull based and requested on an adhoc basis via a telephone call to an electronic voice menu to initiate the information. Alternatively, the user could send an information request in and get an information message back, or the service can be push based such that information is automatically generated at set intervals or on the basis of events.

The mobile banking service can run on all existing mobile phones or to be tailored for a particular branded phone or protocol-compliant phone, e.g. WAP.

Protocols such as WAP allow not just information provision, but also secure mobile transactions and electronic commerce.

Mobile banking suppliers using WAP include Materna (www.materna.com). Banks offering services over WAP include Deutsche Bank and Visa International.

Banking services using WAP from around the world include:

In the UK, Woolwich company offered 100 of its customers interactive banking over a WAP enabled mobile phone. Using a Nokia 7110 handset, customers will be able to view balances and transactions, pay bills, and transfer money on current, savings and borrowing accounts.

In Belgium, CCB (the Belgian bank) officially launched its mobile banking venture. This will allow customers to check balances, carry out payments and transfers, and - in the future - buy shares from a WAP mobile phone.

Games

  Games are a huge service that many people see as being a key application for future mobile devices. In the same way as music distribution will increasingly take place electronically, so too will games. Instead of having to go to the video store to rent a game or video, we can download this from an Internet site and charge this transaction to our mobile phone bill.

Mobile games suppliers using WAP include:

www.digitalbridges.com , http://www.wapholesun.com, www.k-mobile.com and others.

Ringtones

  Another emerging service is downloading ringtones. Ringtones are the tunes that the phone plays when someone calls it. With the same phone often sold with the same default tune, it is important for phone users to be able to change their ringtone to distinguish it from others. Phones often come with a range of different ringtones built into the phone�s memory that the users can choose from. However, it has become popular to download new ringtones from an Internet site to the phones. These tunes tend to be popular television of film theme tunes. Ringtones composers are also popular because they allow mobile phone users to compose their own unique ringtones. Expect to see this application grow in availability and popularity over time!

 

Unified Messaging

Unified messaging is an emerging value-added network service that is particularly compelling because it elevates communication above the technology used to communicate � the message takes precedence over the media. Currently, it is difficult to manage all the different kinds of messages that people get  - they have to dial in and pick up emails, pick up their faxes from a fax machine, call in and listen to voice mail, and so on. Unified messaging involves providing a single interface for people to access the various kinds of messaging they use. Be the messages of any kind, they can be conveniently accessed from a single point in the most actionable form.

The user typically receives a short message notifying them that they have a new message in their unified messaging box. The short message often includes an indication of the type of the new message. With WAP, users have a menu on the phone from which they can access and mange their unified messaging box.

Internet Email

  Upon receiving a new email in their mailboxes, most Internet email users do not get notified of this fact. They have to dial in speculatively and periodically to check their mailbox contents. However, by linking Internet email with WAP Push, users can be notified whenever a new email is received.

The Internet email alert is provided in the form of a short message that details the sender, the subject field and first few words of the email message. Most of the mobile Internet email solutions incorporate filtering, such that users are only notified of certain messages with user-defined keywords in the subject field, or from certain senders.

Because of the high and increasing usage of Internet email to communicate globally, and the benefit from using WAP Push to notify mobile users about important new email messages, this is likely to be a fast growing and popular application for WAP.

Affinity Programs

  Affinity programs are the result of collaboration between mobile carriers and other companies in different industries with large customer groups. Affinity partners include television companies, sports clubs, supermarkets, hotels, airlines, banks and other retailers. WAP can be used to provide customers with all kinds of remainders and information such as frequent flyer miles status, overdue videotape rentals, appointment remainders and other notifications.

Some examples of partners between companies in different areas of the mobile value chain to develop WAP services include:

Hong Kong network operator Hutchison Telecom has joined with Health Care International Holdings to launch an online medical service portal, Healthcare2U.com. Subscribers to Hutchison�s network can access the medical portal via WAP phones.

Finnair will enable passengers to make, alter and cancel reservations using WAP-enabled mobile phones. The service operates in English, but currently is only available to customers with Finnish phone service providers.

Ericsson announced a deal to make the guide Michelin travel publications available on WAP mobile telephones. The new service will give the customers instant access to a database of some 60,000 hotels and restaurants across Europe via WAP.

Customer Service

By providing mobile phone customers with information about their account, the WAP can help to avoid the need for expensive person to person voice calls to customer service centers.

Customer service suppliers using WAP include Phone.com (www.phone.com) and Categoric (www.categoric.com). Categoric specializes in �event alerts�. Every time an event of interest to the customer happens, SMS or WAP are used to let them know.

Positioning

  Positioning in mobile context can mean several things: location of vehicles or people or phones. Vehicle positioning application integrates satellite positioning systems that tell people where they are with WAP which lets people tell others where they are. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a free-to-use global network of 24 satellites run by the US Department of Defense. Anyone with a GPS receiver can receive their satellite position and thereby find out where they are.

The SMS is ideal for sending GPS information such as longitude, latitude, bearing and altitude. GPS information is typically about 60-character length, leaving room for other vehicle-specific information.

Vehicle Positioning suppliers using WAP include www.wapolution.com.

Instant Messaging

 Instant messaging is a cross between chat and email that allows people to view a listing of people they frequently communicate with, determine if these people are currently available for communication (i.e. online), and send and receive messages instantaneously. The tendency is to send instant messages to people rather than emails if you find that they are online.

Instant messaging was launched in early 1997 and continues to grow in popularity with over 100 million total users.

Wireless Instant Messaging is another example of the extension of the same services that people can access on the Internet becoming increasingly available on mobile phones. This is initially done through gateways that perform protocol conversion and reduce the size of the communication down to that which can be handled by low bandwidth wireless services. Over time, the gateways will not be needed, as seamless access to unmodified services becomes more widespread.

Instant Messaging suppliers using WAP include AOL Tegich (www.tegic.com).

Chat

  Chat can be distinguished from general information services by the information source: In chats, the source of information is a person, whereas in general information services the source is usually in Internet site. The amount of information transferred per message tends to be lower with chat, where people are more likely to state opinions rather than factual data. In the same way as Internet chat groups have proven a very popular application for the Internet, groups of like-minded people � called communities of interest � have begun to use non-voice mobile services as a means to chat, communicate and discuss.

Because of its association with the Internet, the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) would allow mobile users to participate fully in existing Internet chat groups rather than setting up their own groups that are dedicated to mobile users.

Qualitative Information

  A wide range of content can be delivered to mobile phone users ranging from share prices, sports scores, weather, flight information, news headlines, lottery results, jokes and so on. This information need not necessary be textual, it may be maps or graphs or other types of visual information.

The length of a short message of 160 characters suffices for delivering information when it is quantitative such as a share price or a sports score or temperature. However, when the information is of qualitative nature, such as a horoscope or news story, this 160-character length is too short. Therefore, GPRS will likely be used for qualitative information services, but SMS will continue to be used for delivering most quantitative information services.

Information services suppliers using WAP include Infospace.com, I3 Mobile and others.

Future Prospects

WAP introduces several new concepts of the use of cellular phones, and new services that costumers can get. In a couple of years the 3rd generation of the cellular protocols will start to appear with high capabilities of data transferring and will give another boost to WAP.  Further more WAP has many advantages that handle the very problematic bearer of the wireless phone, but we should not forget WAP�s disadvantages such as some inefficacy and high cost of the services to the end user. Some of theses disadvantages will be overcome when the WAP will be used and installed in many handsets.

WAP is an important development in the high-tech industry, network operators are aggressively trying to speed up penetration of WAP phones around the glob, but WAP has still a way to go, there are several issues that need to be handled, and there is still some time till the Wireless Application Protocol will be widely used in hand-sets. Time will show if WAP is capable to become the widespread customer used protocol.

Glossary:

WAP -  Wireless Application Protocol

MMI  -  Man-Machine Interface

WAE - Wireless Application Environment

WDP -  Wireless Datagram Protocol

WML - Wireless Markup Language

WSP -   Wireless Session Protocol

WTA -  Wireless Telephony Application

WTLS - Wireless Transport Layer Security

WTP  -  Wireless Transaction Protocol

CSD � Circuit Switched Data

GPRS � General Packet Radio Service

GSM � Global System for Mobile Communication

HTML � HyperText Markup Language

HTTP � HyperText Transfer Protocol [RFC2068]

IMAP4 � Internet Message Access Protocol Version 4

IVR � Interactive Voice Response

LAN � Local Area Network

MSISDN � Mobile Station ISDN number

OTA � Over-The-Air (Configuration)

POP3 � Post Office Protocol Version 3

PPP � Point-to-Point Protocol

RADIUS � Remote Dial-In User Service

RFC � Request For Comments

SMS � Short Message Service

URI � Uniform Resource Identifier

URL � Uniform Resource Locator

W3C � World Wide Web Consortium

WAN � Wide Area Network

WBMP � Wireless BitMaP

WCMP � Wireless Control Message Protocol

WTAI � Wireless Telephony Application Interface

WWW � World Wide Web

XML � Extensible Markup Language

by students of the University of Tel - Aviv

Alon Juszinsky

Sharon Karako

Yoav Gressel

Ori Finkelman

Raanan Refua

Amir Rosenfeld

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